Examples of languages with polypersonal agreement are Basque and Georgian, as well as most polysynthetic languages such as Mohawk, Inuktitut and many other Native American languages. Basque is an isolated language with a polypersonal verbal system composed of two subtypes of verbs, synthetic and analytical. The following three cases refer to the verb: the absolutive (the case of the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct objects of transitive verbs), the ergative (the case of the subject of transitive verbs) and the dative (the case of the indirect object of a transitive verb). A dative (with the absolutive) can also be referenced on an intransitive verb without direct object in a “dative of interest” construction (cf. “My car collapsed on me”), as well as in constructions with intransitive verbs of perception or feeling. Synthetic verbs take affixes directly on their stems, while analytic verbs use an unfinished form that carries the lexical meaning of the verb, as well as a conjugated excipient that is either strictly transitive or intransitive. Some common auxiliary words used to conjugate analytic verbs are izan “to be”, ukan “to have”, and egin “to do”. Unlike Georgian, Basque has only two truly synthetic tenses that can accommodate these affixes: the simple present and the simple past. Here are some examples: In Georgian, the verb consists of a root and several optional affixes. Subject and object markers can appear as suffixes or prefixes, depending on the verb class, person and number, tense and appearance of the verb, etc.; they also interact with each other phonologically. The polypersonal verbal system of Georgian allows the verbal connection to convey the meanings of the subject, the direct object, the indirect object, the genitive, the locative and causality. As examples of the extremely complicated morphology of Georgian verbs, these are some simple polypersonal verbs (hyphens indicate the limits of the morpheme): polysynthesis often involves polypersonalism, which in turn is a form of head marking.
Polypersonalism was also correlated with ergativity. In non-polypersonal languages, the verb either shows no agreement or agrees with the main argument (in English, the subject). In a language with polypersonal agreement, the verb has correspondence morphemes that can (if necessary) indicate the subject, the direct object, the indirect or secondary object, the beneficiary of the verb, etc. This polypersonal marking can be mandatory or optional (the latter means that some matching morphemes can be eliminated when the full argument is expressed). Although consent to a verbal subject is mandatory, consent to an object is only required if the subject is omitted. Many other Bantu languages have this characteristic. Some [Who?] have observed that the pronominal Clitika French (common to all Romance languages) evolved into inseparable parts of the verb in colloquial usage, and thus suggested that French could be analyzed as polypersonal. Examples of languages of polypersonal agreement are Basque, Georgian, Magahi, to a lesser extent Hungarian (see Definitive Conjugation) and several other Uralic languages such as Mansi, Mordovian or Nenets, Bantu languages, as well as most polysynthetic languages such as Mohawk, Inuktitut and many other Amerindian languages. An example of a polypersonal verb that has constructed in the genitive sense may be: In linguistics, polypersonal agreement or polypersonalism is the correspondence of a verb with more than one of its arguments (usually up to four). Polypersonalism is a morphological characteristic of a language, and the languages that indicate it are called polypersonal languages. . In linguistics, transitivity is a property of a verb that consists of the ability to attach a direct complement.
This concept is similar to the concept of valence. Traditionally, grammar contrasts transitive verbs (e.g., throw, kiss, buy), the . Wikipedia “Reference”: [Itziar Laka`s A Brief Grammar of Basque] [www.ehu.es/grammar/] “Reference:” [www.armazi.com/georgian/ THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE – A brief grammatical summary]. Eraman d-ieza-zki-gu-ke-te” “You can bring them to us” (`d. zki` means `she`, `gu` for `to us`, `te` for `her`, and `ke` is a potential marker) `d-akar-ki-o-gu` `We bring it to him/her`, from `ekarri` to `bring` (`from `it`, `o` for `to him` and `gu` for `us`) Here xelebi means `hands`. The second morpheme of the verb (-m-) conveys the meaning “my”. In Georgian, this construction is very common in intransitive verbs; the possessive dejective (mine, yours, etc.) is omitted before the subject, and the verb takes up the genitive meaning. . Transitivity (grammatical category) — In linguistics, transitivity is a property of verbs that refers to the question of whether a verb can take on direct objects. It is closely related to value. Traditional grammar distinguishes binary verbs between transitive verbs such as throw, hurt, kiss.
. Wikipedia The same goes for Arabic and Akkadian. A number of modern Arabic dialects contain both direct and indirect object pronouns, for example Egyptian Arabic.B /ma-katab-hum-ˈliː-ʃ/ “he didn`t write them to me.” (In classical Arabic, the equivalent would be three words: /mā kataba-hum lī/.) In Basque, a language isolate with a polysynthetic verbal system consisting of two subtypes of verbs, synthetic and analytical, three of the fifteen cases of Basque, that is to say absolutive (the case of transitive verbs), ergative (the case of intransitive verbs) and dative, can be mediated by several affixes integrated into verb trunks. Unlike Georgian, Basque has only two truly synthetic tenses that can accommodate these affixes: the simple present and the simple past. So-called analytic verbs are verbs constructed using the synthetic verbs “izan” “be”, “ukan”, “haben”, “egin” “tun”, which play the role of auxiliary verbs. Here are some examples: Dislocation (syntax) — Not to be confused with Apposition. In syntax, dislocation is a sentence structure in which a grantor, which might otherwise be an argument or appendix to the clause, is outside the boundaries of the clause, either to its left or to its core. . In: Wikipedia….
